超前自学网【期末高分题集】[东北师范大学]《英语语言学》考核必备75
奥鹏期末考核
1462–《英语语言学》2022年东北师范大学期末复习题集
单选题：
（1）refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.
A.Arbitrariness
B.Duality
C.Creativity
D.Displacement
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（2）The language used to talk about language is called .
A.special language
B.local language
C.metalanguage
D.human language
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（3）______ is a term widely used to refer to varieties according to use in sociolinguistics.
A.Register
B.Dialect
C.Tenor
D.Variety
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（4）The followings are all features of language except __________.
A.duality
B.productivity
C.changeability
D.displacement
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（5）______ is/are used in a community most widely.
A.Sociolects
B.regional dialects
C.The standard variety
D.Registers
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（6）Traditionally, free morphemes were called _________.
A.affixes
B.prefix
C.suffix
D.root
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（7）____ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
A.creativity
B.arbitrariness
C.displacement
D.interchangeability
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（8）_________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.
A.back-channel signals
B.adjacency pairs
C.pre-sequences
D.insertion sequences
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（9）________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user”.
A.field
B.mode
C.tenor
D.register
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（10）“John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.
A.material
B.mental
C.verbal
D.behavioral
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（11）（EEC ）is an important organization in the world. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Blending
C.Backformation
D.Acronym
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（12）In China, foreign language teaching is composed of activities on four levels, the first of which is ______.
A.operation in the classroom
B.preparation
C.educational planning.
D.evaluation
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（13）（Watt ）is the measurement unit of electricity. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Coinage
B.Sound Reduplication
C.Clipping
D.Eponym
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（14）______, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach.
A.Pedagogic grammars
B.Dictionaries
C.Linguistics
D.The metalanguage
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（15）Every syllable has a(n) ____, which is usually a vowel.
A.nucleus
B.onset
C.code
D.rhyme
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（16）An editor is a person who （edits） a newspaper. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Blending
C.Backformation
D.Acronym
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（17）__________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds produced.
A.Voicing
B.voiced
C.nasalization
D.aspiration
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（18）This（ classroom） is large and bright. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Acronym
B.Compounding
C.Coinage
D.Sound Reduplication
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（19）British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.
A.functional
B.social
C.regional
D.standard
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（20）Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.
A.moon/noon
B.foot/food
C.she/sheet
D.sea/sea
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（21）Smog is a ___________ word.
A.derived
B.clipped
C.blended
D.compound
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（22）_____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.
A.Metalanguage
B.Interlanguage
C.Sign
D.Esperanto
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（23）Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.
A.collocative
B.social
C.affective
D.reflected
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（24）_____ is an expression which substitutes one which may be seen as disturbing or offensive to the addressee.
A.Taboo
B.Euphemism
C.Implicature
D.An indirect illocution
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（25）（Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（26）In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.
A.telegraphic
B.two-word
C.holophrastic
D.babbling
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（27）The road was （enlarged ）the year before the last. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Conversion
C.Backformation
D.Blending
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（28）____is the future found in [s] [z] [] [t.] [d9]
A.[+continuant]
B.[+sonorant]
C.[+sibilant]
D.[+anterior]
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（29）He is （watering ）the flowers. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Conversion
C.Backformation
D.Blending
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（30）This （classroom ）is large. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Conversion
B.Backformation
C.Blending
D.Compounding
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（31）（Tick- tuck ）is the sound produced by a clock. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Compounding
B.Coinage
C.Sound Reduplication
D.Clipping
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（32）1. The term ______ is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.
A.variety
B.register
C.dialect
D.Creole
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（33）______ is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.
A.A social dialect
B.A regional dialect
C.The standard variety
D.A functional variety
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（34）NATO（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Acronym
B.Sound Reduplication
C.Coinage
D.Eponym
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（35）Kodak （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（36）_________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.
A.Environmentalist
B.functionalist
C.nativist
D.both a and b
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（37）refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.
A.Approach
B.Categorization
C.Prototype
D.Cognition
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（38）may be defined as the scientific study of language.
A.Morphology
B.Linguistics
C.Phonology
D.Phonetics
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（39）is defined as the scientific study of language.
A.Morphology
B.Linguistics
C.Phonology
D.Phonetics
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（40）_____ is concerned with subject-matter and the purpose of communications.
A.Tenor
B.Register
C.Mode
D.Field
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（41）_________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”
A.field
B.mode
C.tenor
D.register
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（42）Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used to talk about language is called .
A.special language
B.local language
C.metalanguage
D.human language
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（43）The following dialogue flouts maxis of the cooperative principle does
A: How do you like the film?
B: Well, the music is very nice.
A.Quality
B.Quantity
C.Relation
D.Manner
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（44）______ is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.
A.A syllabus
B.A textbook
C.An educational plan
D.A test
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（45）A(n)________ is the minimal or the smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.
A.phonetic symbol
B.alphabet
C.phoneme
D.allophone
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（46）What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout?
A: How do you like the film?
B: Well, the music is very nice.
A.Quality
B.Quantity
C.Relation
D.Manner
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（47）The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.
A.ideational
B.interpersonal
C.textual
D.logical
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（48）blackboard（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Conversion
B.Backformation
C.Blending
D.Compounding
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（49）peddle （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Conversion
B.Backformation
C.Blending
D.Compounding
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（50）____ is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.
A.Taboo
B.Euphemism
C.Implicature
D.An indirect illocution
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（51）What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance in the following discourse?
A: Do you have a rubber?
B: Yes.
A: May I use it?
B: Here you are.
A.Pre-invitation
B.Pre-request
C.Pre-announcement
D.Pre-apology
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（52）（Watt ）is a measurement unit of electricity. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（53）____ is a typical tone language.
A.English
B.Japanese
C.Chinese
D.Korean
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（54）In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________.
A.segment
B.phonetic symbol
C.marker
D.diacritic
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（55）____ is the study of sound systems and patterns.
A.Phonetics
B.Phonology
C.Morphology
D.Syntax
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（56）______ are the features found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called.
A.distinctive features
B.non-distinctive features
C.suprasegmental features
D.free variation
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（57）（EEC ）is an organization in the world. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Acronym
B.Sound Reduplication
C.Coinage
D.Eponym
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（58）A(n) ____ is the minimal or the smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.
A.phonetic symbol
B.alphabet
C.phoneme
D.allophone
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（59）enlarged （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Conversion
C.Backformation
D.Blending
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（60）The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________.
A.applied linguistics
B.sociolinguitics
C.psycholinguistics
D.general linguistics
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（61）__________ specifies the feature of [+continuant] .
A.all the fricatives
B.all the fricatives and glides
C.all the fricatives and liquids
D.all the fricatives, liquids and glides
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（62）impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Conversion
C.Backformation
D.Blending
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（63）Orlon （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（64）Children undergo ________ stages of language development.
A.babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech
B.babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic
C.babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech
D.babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word
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（65）The features which are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ________.
A.distinctive features
B.non-distinctive features
C.suprasegmental features
D.free variation
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（66）In compounds, the ____ morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.
A.leftmost
B.rightmost
C.central
D.initial
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（67）is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock.
A.Meronymy
B.Hyponymy
C.Polysemy
D.Antonymy
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（68）infotech（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Conversion
B.Backformation
C.Blending
D.Compounding
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（69）Fahrenheit （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（70）This （vet ）is famous in the town. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（71）refers to a statement in which you say the same thing using different words unnecessarily twice, for example, “He sat alone by himself”.
A.Tautology
B.Rhetorical device
C.Truth condition
D.Prototype
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（72）________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
A.Duality
B.Arbitrariness
C.Creativity
D.Displacement
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（73）1. The objective of teaching a foreign language in a communicative syllabus is developing learner’s ______.
A.linguistic competence
B.Communicative competence
C.grammatical competence
D.sociolinguistic competence
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（74）The longest ____ in English may contain four consonants, as shown by prompts.
A.word
B.onset
C.nucleus
D.coda
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（75）____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
A.Morphology
B.Syntax
C.Lexicon
D.Morpheme
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（76）______ is the basic teaching unit in the structural syllabus.
A.the word
B.the discourse
C.the sentence
D.the text
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（77）A minimal distinctive linguistic unit is a__________.
A.morpheme
B.word
C.phoneme
D.allophones
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（78）1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively.
A.A syllabus
B.A textbook
C.An educational plan
D.A test
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（79）______ is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communications.
A.Tenor
B.Register
C.Mode
D.Field
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（80）Words like pass and fail, male and female, etc. are ________ antonyms.
A.gradable
B.complementary
C.reversal
D.relative
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（81）edits （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Conversion
B.Backformation
C.Blending
D.Compounding
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（82）The following are all suprasegmental features except ____.
A.stress
B.tone
C.voicing
D.intonation
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（83）___________ are minimal pairs.
A.moon/noon
B.foot/food
C.she/sheet
D.sea/sea
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（84）____________is a process that creates new words by dropping a real or supposed suffix. Edit was originally backformed from editor, and peddle from peddler.
A.Information
B.backformula
C.backformation
D.backformative
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（85）_____ exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.
A.Pidgin
B.Multilingualism
C.Creole
D.Bilingualism
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（86）_______ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words .
A.Morphology
B.Syntax
C.Lexicon
D.Morpheme
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（87）The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______.
A.Conversion
B.Abbreviation
C.Eponyms
D.Blending
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（88）to machinegun （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Derivation
B.Conversion
C.Backformation
D.Blending
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（89）vet （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）
A.Sound Reduplication
B.Coinage
C.Eponym
D.Clipping
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（90）____ depends on the relations between the participants.
A.Field
B.Register
C.Mode
D.Tenor
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判断题：
（1）The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.
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（2）The majority of English prefixes change the part of speech when added to free morpheme or word.
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（3）Pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning.
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（4）An educational plan is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.
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（5）Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others. Based on this observation, Leech (1983) proposes the politeness principle.
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（6）Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).
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（7）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.
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（8）Mode depends on the relations between the participants.
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（9）Clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.
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（10）A morpheme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.
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（11）A tree diagram is a formal representation of sentence structure with syntactic categories provided.
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（12）The method linguists use is mainly induction.
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（13）Children all undergo babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech stages of language development.
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（14）[u:] possesses the features [+high][+back][+round][-tense].
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（15）Smog is a compound word.
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（16）Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves various factors.
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（17）It is the interpersonal function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.
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（18）Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound morphemes.
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（19）Backformation is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.
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（20）Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion and dog are hyponyms of the word animal.
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（21）Linguistics, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach.
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（22）The syllabic unit made up by the onset and nucleus is called a rhyme.
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（23）[+continuant] specifies all the fricatives.
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（24）The sentence “My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.” is of the intimate style.
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（25）Sociolects are used most widely in a community.
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（26）The pioneering investigation done by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test accents among different groups of speakers.
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（27）The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a phoneme.
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（28）The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.
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（29）The standard variety is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.
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（30）Immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure.
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（31）The focus of traditional linguistics is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language.
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（32）The structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.
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（33）In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones.
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（34）Sounds which are produced with both the upper lip and the lower lip are called bilabials.
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（35）Acoustic phonetics focuses on the production of sounds from a physiological perspective.
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（36）In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teaching a foreign language is developing learner’s linguistic competence.
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（37）Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.
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（38）The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.
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（39）Analysis of semantic meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.
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（40）Insertion sequences refer to having the right to speak by turns.
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（41）Environmentalist and functionalist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.
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（42）The intimate style is used between family members and very close friends.
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（43）Monophthongs and diphthongs are two major types of vowels.
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（44）Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society. Language varies from region to region, from class to class.
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（45）The transference of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.
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（46）Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.
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（47）The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).
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（48）Modality can be categorized into usuality and probability.
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（49）Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.
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（50）Aspiration refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
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（51）A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.
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（52）A syllable is not always composed of onset, nucleus and coda.
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（53）Smog is a derived word.
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（54）General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.
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（55）A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.
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（56）Turn-talking refers to having the right to speak by turns.
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（57）Edit was originally backformed from editor, and peddle from peddler.
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（58）Displacement is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
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（59）Speakers of a language know what words can be strung with what other words to form phrases and sentences.
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（60）Register is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communications.
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（61）Register is related to how we communicate, through speech or writing.
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（62）Syntactically, Japanese is an isolating language.
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（63）Eponyms is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.
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（64）Intonation is the variation of pitch distinguishing utterance meaning.
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（65）All vowels are voiced.
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（66）A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.
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（67）The general roles language play are termed metagrammar.
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（68）Pragmatics analysis is concerned with utterance meaning.
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（69）Pidgin refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other in different situations or when talking about different top奥鹏期末考核ics.
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（70）Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.
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（71）Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in affective meaning.
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（72）Multilingualism exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.
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（73）The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.
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（74）Motivation is one of the important factors in second language acquisition.
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（75）English is an example of SVO languages.
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（76）Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.
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（77）Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.
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（78）Social contexts strongly influence second language acquisition. (T) 20. Field is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communications.
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（79）Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock.
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（80）Tautology refers to a statement in which you unnecessarily say the same thing twice using different words, for example, “He sat alone by himself”.
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（81）Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.
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（82）Based on this observation that speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others, Leech (1983) proposes the politeness principle.
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（83）Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.
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（84）In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.
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（85）A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.
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（86）The textual function is realized by the transitivity system of language.
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（87）The most frequent word orders found in languages of the world are SVO, SOV and VSO.
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（88）Dictionaries, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach.
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（89）Semantics is one of the disciplines that study meaning.
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（90）Metaphors can create similarities between the source domain and the target domain.
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（91）English is a typical tone language.
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（92）The term dialect is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.
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（93）In two-word stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.
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（94）The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.
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（95）The term accent is used for less drastic difference which is restricted to variation in pronunciation.
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（96）The term Creole is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.
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（97）Analysis of conventional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.
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（98）Nativist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.
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（99）24. Tenor is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to varieties according to use.
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（100）Creole exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.
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（101）Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.
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（102）Bilingualism exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.
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（103）The objective of teaching a foreign language in a communicative syllabus is developing learner’s linguistic competence.
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（104）Componential analysis can be applied to the analysis of all lexicons.
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（105）Field is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”
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（106）The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
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（107）According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.
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（108）Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.
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（109）There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.
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（110）Smog is a blended word.
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（111）Tenor is related to how we communicate, through speech or writing.
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（112）Learning strategy is an important factor in second language.
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（113）Back-channel signals are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.
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（114）Productivity is one of the features of language.
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（115）The conceptualizing domain in metaphor is termed the source domain.
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（116）All vowels are voiced.
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（117）Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.
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（118）Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.
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（119）The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings
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（120）Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.
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（121）Creativity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
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（122）Nasalization refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
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（123）According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.
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（124）Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.
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（125）A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.
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（126）Adjacency pairs are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.
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（127）Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.
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（128）Linguists attempt to discover the universals of human language.
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（129）Knowledge of the target language alone is adequate for successful teaching.
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（130）Mode is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communications.
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（131）he idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed integrative motivation.
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（132）A textbook is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.
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（133）Words like phoenix, dragon, unicorn, and mermaid, are meaningful but they identify no entities in the real world.
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（134）Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initial letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.
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（135）The term register is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.
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（136）In holophrastic stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.
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（137）The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds are International Phonetic Alphabet.
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（138）The three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunctions according to M. A. K. Halliday,
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（139）Functionalist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.
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（140）The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they present in the languages of the world is not arbitrary.
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（141）Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.
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（142）Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.
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（143）Mental processes are processes of sensing.
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（144）Before modern linguistics, the meaning of a word was assumed as unaccountable.
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（145）Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
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（146）specifies all the fricatives and glides.
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（147）Affixation is a process that creates new words by dropping a real or supposed suffix.
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（148）Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.
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（149）Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
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（150）The Swiss scholar, Ferninand de Saussure, is the founder of Modern Linguistics.
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（151）A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.
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（152）Oxymoron , a rhetorical device, is based on antonymy.
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（153）Traditional grammar was initially based on European languages, particularly on Latin and Greek.
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（154）Brunch is a blending word.
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（155）Smog is a clipped word.
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（156）Abbreviation is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.
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（157）The term geographical dialect is used for less drastic difference which is restricted to variation in pronunciation.
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（158）Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.
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（159）Tone belongs to suprasegmental features.
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（160）Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.
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（161）Voiced refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
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（162）Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate entities.
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（163）Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.
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（164）There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.
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（165）An Esperanto is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.
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